AIS. Automated information systems. Automated information systems: tasks, types, development AIS includes

automated information management

An automated information system (AIS) is a complex that includes computer and communication equipment, software, linguistic tools, information resources intended for the collection, preparation, storage, processing and provision of information, as well as system personnel that support the dynamic information model of some parts of the real world to meet the information needs of users and to make decisions.

AIS combines the following components:

Language tools and rules used for the selection, presentation and storage of information, for displaying a picture of the real world into a data model, for presenting the necessary information to the user;

Information fund of the system;

Ways and methods of organizing information processing processes;

A set of software tools that implement information transformation algorithms;

A set of technical means operating in the system;

Personnel serving the system.

Any AIS operates in the environment, which is a source of input and consumer of output information for the AIS. Within the AIS, from entering the system and ending with exiting it, the information flow goes through several stages of processing.

With the help of AIS, multivariate calculations are ensured, rational management decisions are made, including in real time, integrated accounting and economic analysis are organized, the reliability and efficiency of information received and used in management are achieved, etc.

The main purpose of AIS is to store, ensure effective search and transfer of information on relevant requests for the fullest satisfaction of information requests of a large number of users.

The basic principles of automation of information processes include: payback, reliability, flexibility, safety, friendliness, compliance with standards.

Payback means spending less money on getting an effective, reliable, productive system, the ability to quickly solve the set tasks. At the same time, it is believed that the payback period of the system should be no more than 2-5 years.

Reliability is achieved by using reliable software and hardware, using modern technologies. The purchased funds must have certificates and (or) licenses.

Flexibility means easy adaptation of the system to changing requirements for it, to the introduced new functions. This is usually achieved by creating a modular system.

Security means ensuring the safety of information, regulating work with the system, using special equipment and ciphers.

The friendliness lies in the fact that the system should be simple, easy to learn and use (menus, tips, error correction system, etc.).

AIS is diverse and can be classified according to a number of characteristics related to both the system as a whole and to its individual elements. Each AIS is focused on a particular subject area. The subject area is understood as the area of problems, knowledge, human activity, which has a certain specificity and the range of objects appearing in it. Moreover, each automated system is focused on performing certain functions in its respective field of application. There are four types of AIS:

1. Covering one process (operation) in one organization.

2. Combining several processes in one organization.

3. Ensuring the functioning of one process on the scale of several interacting organizations.

4. Implementing the work of several processes or systems on the scale of several organizations.

When creating AIS, it is advisable to unify the organized systems (subsystems) as much as possible for the convenience of their distribution, modification, operation, as well as training personnel to work with the appropriate software. The development of AIS involves identifying the processes to be automated, studying them, identifying patterns and features (analysis), which contributes to the determination of the goals and objectives of the system being created. Then the necessary information technologies are introduced (synthesis). For the successful implementation of design and organizational work, it is recommended to identify several prototypes of the designed object and the software and hardware installed on it. On their basis, develop several options. Then they choose alternative ones, of which, finally, the best solution.

AIS usually uses automated workstations (AWPs) based on personal computers, distributed databases, and end-user-oriented software.

The main purpose of automated information systems is not only to collect and save electronic information resources, but also to provide users with access to them. One of the most important features of AIS is the organization of data retrieval in their information arrays (databases). Therefore, AIS is practically an automated information retrieval system (AIPS) - a software product designed to implement the processes of input, processing, storage, search, presentation of data, etc. AIPS are factual and documentary.

1) Factographic AIPS usually use tabular relational databases with a fixed data structure (records).

2) Documentary AIPS are characterized by ambiguity or variable structure of data (documents). For their development, AIS shells are usually used.

The ways of providing automated information systems and their technologies are software, technical, linguistic, organizational and legal support used or created in the design of information systems and ensuring their operation.

1) The software represents the instrumental environment of programmers, application programs for the corresponding computers and the operating systems installed on them. These are programming languages, operating systems, network software, editors (text, links, tabular, etc.), program libraries, translators, utilities, etc. Chief among them are AIS software complexes - database management systems (DBMS). Their shells are widely used automated information retrieval systems (AIPS).

2) AIS technical support includes means of input, processing, storage, search and transmission / reception of information. Data entry, processing and storage are standard components of a computer. The search for information is carried out on the basis of the use of special software. Information transmission facilities are network and telecommunication equipment of computers, systems and communication facilities.

3) Linguistic support usually includes:

Types, formats, structure of information (data, records, documents);

Language means of description (YOD, data dictionaries) and data manipulation (YMD);

Classifiers, codifiers, dictionaries, thesauri, etc.

4) The organizational support of AIS includes structural divisions of the organization that uses it, managing technological processes and supporting the system's performance, as well as documentation to ensure the operation and development of the system.

5) Legal support of AIS is a set of legal norms governing legal relations in the creation and operation of AIS. At the stage of AIS development, it includes regulations related to the contractual relationship between the developer and the customer of the system, with the regulation of deviations in the system development process, with the provision of the development process with various resources. At the stage of system operation, it determines its status in the management process, the legal provisions of the competence of individual AIS structures and the organization of their activities, the procedure for creating and using information in the AIS, legal support for the security of the AIS functioning. Legal support includes regulations governing the activities of AIS.

An approximate AIS scheme is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - A variant of the scheme of an automated information system

Universal shells do not allow users to develop the system on their own. Special programs of the DBMS class (ORACLE, MS SQL, ADABAS, Informix, etc.) are developed in such a way as to provide users with ample opportunities for their development. To provide broad masses of users to open electronic information arrays, cooperation and integration of these resources is carried out.

Automated integrated information systems provide access to remote information and technical resources, as well as the ability to work for various categories of users with information of different forms of presentation. These include local, corporate and global networks.

AIPS, from the point of view of the tasks performed and the possibilities presented to users, can be both fairly simple (elementary reference) and very complex systems (expert and others providing predictive solutions).

So, the need to constantly increase the productivity and efficiency of workers, to produce more high-quality products, etc. served as the basis first for the creation of automated control systems for production technological processes, then automated enterprise management systems.

Almost any automated system includes an automated information retrieval system. An automated information retrieval system is a collection of software and hardware used for storing, searching and (or) managing data and information in order to meet the information needs of users. It is also designed to implement the processes of entering, processing, and presenting data.

The purpose of automating information processes is to increase the productivity and efficiency of employees, improve the quality of information products and services, improve service and efficiency of user service. With its help, the time for completing tasks is reduced, technological processes are being transformed and changed, new types of information services and products are provided. The basic principles of automation of information processes include: payback, reliability, flexibility, security, friendliness, compliance with standards.

To provide access to the broad masses of users to open electronic information arrays, cooperation and integration of these resources is carried out, which provides access to remote information and technical resources, as well as the ability to work for various categories of users with information of different forms of presentation. These include local, corporate and global networks.

Thus, the experience in the development and implementation of various classes of automated systems has shown the high economic efficiency of their use. It is reflected in a good organization of labor and production, an increase in the accuracy of planning and implementation of the tasks set, in ensuring the rhythm of the enterprise, reducing the share of manual labor, etc.

Under the legal basis of information technology we mean the composition of regulatory documents regulating information support in terms of the functioning of the information system. These can be: general provisions, functional duties of personnel, instructions and guidelines on techniques, methods and methods of performing procedures and working on technical means, etc. It is quite obvious that the legal structure is a derivative and, therefore, secondary in relation to technical organizational and procedural decisions. By analogy with the definitions introduced above, it is possible to consider a fixed organization of the composition and mutual

ties as the state of the legal structure of information technology or as a legal structural solution.

Individual properties of the information system can be described using the structural solutions discussed above. However, there is their mutual influence. Therefore, in general, consumer properties can be described only when they are systematically taken into account.

2.2.2. General information about automated information systems

The concept of automated information systems

The increase in the volume of information in the information system of organizations, the need for acceleration and more complex ways of processing it, make it necessary to automate the work of the information system, i.e. automation of information processing.

V In a non-automated information system, all actions with information and decisions are carried out by a person.

Here are the definitions of an automated information system

1. Automated information system - a set of

formations, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools and specialists, designed for information processing and management decisions.

2. Automated information system - an interconnected set of data, equipment, software, personnel, standards, procedures designed to collect, process, distribute, store, issue (provide) information in accordance with the requirements arising from the objectives of the organization.

V the whole AIS can be considered as a man-machine system with an automated technology for obtaining the resultant information necessary for information support of personnel and optimization of the management process in substantive activity.

Note that due to the complexity of structuring information and formalizing the processes of its processing, the automation of all information procedures of an organization is difficult. The degree of automation of various information processes ranges from 10 to 20%.

Let's compare the advantages and disadvantages of information systems with manual (paper) and automated information technology.

Advantages of non-automated (paper-based) systems:

- ease of organization and (or) installation;

- ease of understanding and mastering;

- no technical skills required;

- flexibility and the ability to adapt to match objective activities.

The advantages of automated information systems. In AIS, it becomes possible to display on the information plane everything that happens to the organization. All economic factors and resources appear in a single information form, in the form of data.

Using the example of one of the travel companies, we will compare traditional (paper) and automated technologies (Table 2.2.1).

					Table 2.2.1
Traditional technology			Automated technologies

Set of services	limited	opportunities	Information on travel services is available.
employees of the organization		search and collection	gah business partners all over the world.
information.			Storage of arbitrary information on the op-
Storage of information on paper
lyakh; audio and video information on magnetic			teacomagnetic media
carriers
The complexity of finding and providing information			Simplicity		providing
			information
Difficulties	expanding the range		No problems with the expansion of the assortment
			of services, since the suppliers
			give information
Slow, routine work technology			Automated technology, providing
			high performance service


The number of clients is predetermined by the territory			Everyone is a potential client
the actual boundaries			resident of any country
Overlaps are very common due to unreliable			Information	reliable and	relevant,
data. It is necessary to check
available data

Low degree of demand satisfaction			High degree of demand satisfaction

Low competitiveness			Aggressive competitiveness
Attraction	clients	services of related	Customers have a choice of location
regions limited			travel, recreation, treatment, entertainment,
			training, business, etc.

There is a limit in development and increasing			Ample opportunities for business development
business opportunities

Classification of automated information systems

Classification by type of management processes ... AIS are subdivided into:

AIS process control is man-machinesystems providing control of technological devices, mechanisms and automatic lines.

AIS management of organizational and technological processes combine AIS process control and AIS enterprise management. These are multilevel systems.

AIS of organizational management are designed to manage production, economic, socio-economic functional processes occurring at all levels of economic management. This group of AIS includes:

Bank AIS;

- AIS of the stock market;

Financial AIS;

Insurance AIS;

Tax AIS;

- AIS of the customs service;

- statistical AIS;

- AIS of industrial enterprises and organizations (a special place of prevalence in them is occupied by accounting AIS), etc.

AIS scientific research ensure high quality and efficiency of calculations and scientific experiments. The methodological base of such systems is economic and mathematical methods, the technical base is computer technology and technical means for carrying out experimental work and modeling. Organizational and technological systems and scientific research systems can include computer-aided design (CAD) systems in their contours.

Educational AIS are used for training specialists in the education system, for retraining and advanced training of workers in various industries.

Classification by level in the public administration system.

On this basis, territorial, sectoral and inter-sectoral AIS are distinguished, which are simultaneously systems of organizational management, but of a higher level.

Territorial AIS intended for the management of administrative-territorial areas. Territorial systems automate the implementation of administrative functions in the region, the formation of reports, the issuance of operational information to local state and economic bodies.

Sectoral AIS are created in the spheres of industrial and agro-industrial complexes, in construction, in transport. These systems solve the problems of information support for the administration of the relevant departments.

Interindustry AIS are specialized systems of functional economic management bodies (banking, financial, procurement, statistical, etc.). Having in its composition powerful computing systems, multi-sectoral multi-level AIS provide the development of economic and economic forecasts, the state budget, control the results and regulate the activities of all links of the economy, as well as control the availability and distribution of resources.

The importance of automated information systems for improving labor productivity and decision-making

Do AIS increase the efficiency of the decisions made? There is no general answer to this question. It is unique for each individual AIS application. The potential effect of information technology automation is shown in table. 2.2.2.

Table 2.2.2

Potential effect of information technology automation

	Subject	Result
		Result

		Reducing the number of management levels;
		Reduced administrative costs;
		The release of middle-level management workers and the abolition of a number

		Release of workers from routine work; freeing up time
		for intellectual activity;
	Control	Obtaining rational options for solving management problems due to
	Control	introduction of mathematical methods and intelligent systems;
		A modern organizational structure is being created;
		Automated technology creates organizational flexibility;
		Increase in labor productivity;
		Saving time;
		Improving the qualifications and professional literacy of managers;
		Competitive advantage is increasing;
		Revenue and profit increase, costs decrease
		Improving the structure of information flows and the system of documentary
		turnover in the organization;
	Information	Effective intra-company coordination via e-mail;
	Information	Ensuring the accuracy of information;
		Replacement of paper data carriers with optical-magnetic carriers, which
	security
	security	leads to a more rational organization of information processing on
		computer and reducing the volume of documents on paper;

- direct access to information product

- reduction in design and production time;

- products are more developed, as a result, they become more reliable, easier to repair, less idle due to breakdowns;

- expansion of product properties and scope of its possible application;

- reducing the cost of producing products and services;

- reduction of labor costs and funds for acceptance, processing and execution Production orders;

- providing consumers with unique services;

- increasing labor productivity;

- the quality of goods and services is improving;

Rationalization of material and technical supply;

- decline in stock levels

- reducing the time spent on distributing products;

- finding new market niches;

the ability to identify consumers of products; - new opportunities are created to receive and disseminate information;

Marketing - sales support;

- more efficient interaction with customers (visibility, message transfer speed);

- increases the ability to flexibly respond to demand and promptly meet new consumer desires

Example. Study of the impact of information technology on the activities of managers involved in marketing, sales, purchasing, finance, design, analysis, personnel in 15 firms specializing in production and services. The study involved 9 to 25 specialists from each firm for 10-12 weeks.

Two important aspects of the activities of managers were studied:

- distribution of working time in order to achieve the assigned tasks;

- assessment of the possibility of improving performance when using

v wider information technology.

Output. Many survey participants spend less than half of their working time on performing assigned functions. Only 36% of the time is spent on activities related to sales and finding prospects, that is, activities directly related to income. The rest of the time is spent on "paper kitchen", routine procedures, travel, etc.

Unproductive activities (moving in and out of the office, searching for information on paper or studying the received tasks, working instead of technical personnel for printing, copying, etc.) took from 18 to 30% of the working time.

Low labor productivity was registered. Complaints about the prevalence of routine work, which prevents them from focusing on building a more profitable clientele. The use of well-known management techniques did not give results. The reason lies not in the manner in which working time is used, but in the imperfection and inaccuracy of the usual procedures for processing and transmitting information. Information quality problems took too long (1-2 hours / day).

Most of the study participants underestimated or overestimated the time spent on various activities before the study. After the survey, they would like to change the structure of the distribution of their working time, to devote more time to analysis, planning, and advanced training. And spend less on unproductive work. Leaders criticized support services, ineffective means of preparing documents, and the cumbersome and vague reports prepared on a computer.

Many of these conclusions lead to the idea of transforming the organizational structure, identifying ways to improve managerial efficiency. In addition, managers could save about 15% of their time with increased use of information technology.

More than half of this time is obtained by reducing unproductive work, the rest - by reducing the number of meetings and speeding up the process of analyzing and processing documents. In addition, with the wider use of information technology, the quality of work improves. This is due to obtaining direct access to accurate information, better coordination of intra-agency activities, more effective interaction with customers in terms of speed and visibility of documents, allocation of time and money for highly productive activities.

The modern development of informatization in the field of economic and management activities requires unified approaches to solving organizational, technical and technological problems. The main factors that determine the results of the creation and functioning of the AIS are:

- active participation of a person, a specialist, in the information processing automation system and managerial decision-making;

- interpretation of information activities as one of the types of business;

- scientifically sound software and hardware, technological platform, implemented at a specific economic facility;

- creation and implementation of scientific and applied developments in the field of informatization in accordance with the requirements of users;

- formation of conditions organizational and functional interaction and its mathematical, model, system and software.

Prospects for the development of automated information systems

AIS can become an environment for information support for targeted collective activities of the entire organization; it can become a corporate information system. In the modern definition, such a system includes a set of various software and hardware platforms, universal and specialized applications from various developers, integrated into a single information-homogeneous system that solves the unique task of each specific organization.

A corporate information system is considered as a certain set of private solutions and components of their implementation, including:

- a single database for storing information, formed by various and unrelated programs and application systems;

- many application systems created by different companies and using different technologies (finance, material and technical accounting, design and technological preparation of production, document flow, analytics, etc.).

The corporate information system should:

- allow the accumulation of certain experience and knowledge and generalize them in the form of formalized procedures and algorithms for solving;

- constantly improve and develop;

- quickly adapt to the changing conditions of the external environment and the new needs of the organization;

- meet the urgent needs of a person, his experience, knowledge and psychology.

Maritime website Russia no 02 November 2016 Created: 02 November 2016 Updated: 02 November 2016 Hits: 13224

As part of the work carried out in the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to revise Chapter 5 "Navigational Safety" of the Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), it is planned to start in the near future the introduction of a fundamentally new automatic information (identification) system (AIS) in the maritime fleet ...

The introduced AIS will have three purposes:

for the exchange of navigation data between ships when they diverge at sea;

to transfer data about the vessel and its cargo to coastal services;

for transmitting navigation data from the vessel to the coastal vessel traffic control systems (VTS) and ensuring more accurate and reliable navigation in the system coverage area.

SHORT STORY

In the early 1990s, the International Association of Lighthouse Services (IALA) began to consider the use of shipborne VHF radio transponders for the transmission of identification signals.
Being received by the VTS Center, the transponder signals made it possible to identify the controlled vessel both when approaching the service area and in the process of its further movement. In 1992, at the request of IALA, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) issued Recommendation M.825 on the use of radio transponders in MAC systems, using the maritime mobile channel 70 and the GMDSS DSC protocol for this purpose. In addition to identification, the data on the position of the vessel was included in the transponder message. Subsequently, it was proposed to include the presence of dangerous goods in the message format in order to automate the messages required by IMO Resolution A.648 (16) for Ship Reporting Systems.

At the 63rd session of the IMO Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) (8-25 May 1994), Germany made a proposal on the need to implement transponder systems for mutual vessel identification and data transmission to coastal services (VTS) on ships, as well as to improve safety navigation (MSC 63/7/9). MSC has instructed the Subcommittee on Maritime Safety (BSPC) to study the issue and make a proposal.

At the 40th session of the BSPC (July 1994), Sweden made a proposal (NAV 40/7/15) to introduce transponders using the latest protocol, Self-Organizing Time-Sharing Data Link Free Access (SOTDMA).
The use of this protocol, borrowed from aviation, allows, with high reliability (more than 95%), to use one frequency channel to transmit information about the ship's position at short time intervals, using this data to solve the problems of warning ships (ship-to-ship) and for precise control over movement of vessels along narrow approach channels and fairways in the VTS (ship-to-shore). In 1995, based on the feasibility studies carried out at TsNIIMF, the Russian Federation submitted to IMO a note (NAV 41/6/26) with strong support for Sweden's position on the need to use a modern protocol with broad capabilities for reliable exchange of navigation information, which may justify expenses of shipowners for the inclusion of a new device in the ship's navigation equipment.

Support was also expressed by Finland, INTERTANCO and others. However, the majority of delegations to the BSPC, taking into account the beginning of industrial production of transponders with the DSC protocol, retained the position of limiting the capabilities of transponders with identification functions and cargo data at the first stage of implementation with its future replacement with a universal one.

In December 1996, MSC, on the basis of studying the positions of states, decided in favor of a single universal transponder based on the application of the SOTDMA protocol. In May 1998, on the proposal of the BSPC, the Maritime Safety Committee adopted recommendation MSC.74 (69) with operational requirements for ship transponders.
In October 1998, ITU-R issued Recommendation M.1371 containing the basic principles of AIS (AIS, Automatic Identification System). Somewhat earlier (1997), the World Radio Conference allocated two frequencies for AIS operation on a global basis: 161.975 MHz (AIS-1) and 162.025 MHz (AIS-2). The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is developing a standard for AIS N 61993-2, which contains the technical parameters of universal transponders and test methods.

TERMINOLOGY

In foreign literature, the term AIS is used as an "automatic identification system" consisting of ship transponders and displaying information on ECDIS or ARPA, coastal base stations and display systems on the screens of VTS operators and PCs of coastal services.

In the Russian literature, the term "automated dependent control system (ACS)" was used, which referred to the part of the AIS that performs the functions of controlling navigation by the VTS. It is borrowed from the term "automated dependent surveillance (ADS)" widely used in civil aviation or, in foreign literature, ADS (automated dependent surveillance).

At the Council of Rosmorphlot on 08.10.1998 it was proposed to use the abbreviation AIS as an "automatic information system". The basis was the introduction of significant changes in the functions of the system in the process of its development, i.e. expansion of information exchange, in which the function of "identification" was preserved as one of many others. In what follows, it is proposed to use the following terms.

"Automatic Information System" (AIS) is a maritime navigation system that uses the interchange between ships, as well as between the ship and the coastal service, to transmit information about the call sign and name of the ship for its identification, its coordinates, information about the ship (dimensions, cargo, draft, etc.) and its voyage, movement parameters (course, speed, etc.) in order to solve problems of preventing collisions of ships, monitoring compliance with the navigation regime and monitoring ships at sea.

AIS mode, controlled by coastal services (VTS) for auto-tracking of vessels and control over their movement in the serviced area, forms a system of "automated dependent control (ACS)"

For data exchange (data transmission line), synchronization, formation and switching of information streams, ship equipment called "universal transponder" is used.

For the organization of data exchange with ships in the SACS mode and the formation of information streams emanating from the VTS center and coastal services (MRCC), the "AIS base station" is used. It can operate in a network of AIS coastal stations along the coast with relaying information to the AIS base station.

The ship's AIS display systems are an Electronic Chart Display System (ECDIS), ARPA or a personal computer (depending on the availability of appropriate interfaces).

Onshore AIS display systems are the VTS operator's console, ECDIS or personal computers.

OPERATING POSSIBILITIES. Advantages of AIS in solving problems of preventing collisions of ships

OPERATING CAPABILITIES

Advantages of AIS in solving problems of preventing ship collisions.

1 Due to the mutual exchange of vessel coordinates, determined with high accuracy (using DGNSS - 5-10 meters), as well as information about the current course, the accuracy of determining the divergence parameters and, consequently, the efficiency of the divergence of ships at sea, increases.

2 The principle of information exchange between vessels via radio data transmission through transponders excludes the possibility of swopping the markers of tracked target vessels (swopping) when they approach each other, which occurs during ARPA operation. The result is a stable and reliable auto-tracking of vessels diverging in narrow fairways or passing near floating aids to navigation.

3 Due to the mutual exchange of gyrocompass heading data in almost real time, information about the direction of the center plane of target vessels and their perspective is provided, which contributes to making the right decision in case of a discrepancy. The maneuver of the target vessel is easily detected both by the change in the gyrocompass heading value and by the transmission of the rate of turn, which makes it possible to eliminate the great difficulties previously encountered when using the ARPA.

4 The operation of AIS is not affected by precipitation and roughness of the sea, as is the case now with the use of radar. This provides the ability to observe a small target vessel in conditions of strong sea waves.

5 Collision avoidance will also be facilitated by the mutual exchange of information between the traffic participants on the type of the vessel, its draft, dimensions and navigation parameters, as well as the planned maneuvers.

Advantages of AIS when used in Vessel Traffic Management Systems

1 Continuous automatic identification of the controlled vessel, which eliminates the need to use ineffective expensive VHF radio direction finders.

2 High accuracy in determining the position of the controlled vessel when it is moving along a narrow channel, which is achieved by accompanying AIS signals with data on the positions of the vessel, received from the differential GNSS subsystem.

3 Ability to detect the ship's maneuver in real time by monitoring changes in the current (gyrocompass) heading of the target ship.

4 Expansion of the VTS service area due to the greater range of AIS in comparison with radar coverage.

5 Control over ships (equipped with transponders) located in the shadow zones of the radar (bend of a cape, an island) due to the better propagation of VHF radio waves on which the transponders operate.

6 Automatic entry into the VTS database of basic information about the vessel (name, size, draft, presence of dangerous cargo, port of destination, ETA, etc.), which are used in the local computer network of the MAP for sending to other users.

7 High reliability of auto-tracking of a controlled vessel, including in the case of a close divergence of vessels on the channel and the approach of the vessel to the port berth (excluding the possibility of transferring tracking markers typical for radar systems).

8 Control over navigation on river navigation areas without installing additional radars.

9 Convenience of registration of AIS information on electronic media and further reproduction of information on the screen.

10 Ability to predict the route of the vessel.

Advantages of AIS when used by a Marine Rescue Coordination Center

1 Knowledge of the positions of ships and their display on the screen in the area of responsibility of the MRCC, as well as their names, characteristics, presence of dangerous cargo and navigation data (position, course, speed, etc.), which contributes to a more complete assessment of the situation when providing assistance in the event of a disaster ...

2 In an emergency, each ship will have information on the names, positions and navigational data of other ships within VHF radio range to facilitate early assistance.

3 Thanks to the continuous operation of the transponder on the ship, it is possible to transmit distress or urgency signals containing information about the incident to the nearest ships and coastal services included in the AIS.

4 Ability to interact (exchange information) with helicopters involved in search and rescue operations and other vessels in the disaster area.

Advantages of AIS when used by coastal services

1 Thanks to the introduction into the VTS database and into the local computer network of information on the positions, characteristics and navigation data of all ships in the served area, effective control over them by the port authorities, Maritime Administrations and other coastal services, as well as by the FPS services can be ensured. and the Navy (in territorial waters).

2 Upon entering the AIS coverage area, the vessel automatically transmits navigation data (position, heading, speed), which allows coastal services to clarify the expected time of arrival (ETA) and set the start time of vessel handling in port.

3 The use of AIS on fishing vessels allows control over them in the fishing area.

4 With the further pairing of the AIS Ship transponder with the INMARSAT-S satellite communication station, it will become possible to monitor the fleet on a global scale, including coastal waters, fishing and economic zones.

5 AIS can transmit navigational and meteorological information to ships sailing in coastal waters.

Limitations of AIS

1. Effective use of AIS is possible only when all vessels are fully equipped with transponders. Until such a condition occurs, AIS should remain an additional tool used in ARPA and ECDIS along with radar information.

2. It is impossible to consider the issue of the future replacement of radar aids with AIS, since its information refers only to the objects on which transponders are installed, while the radar allows observing any objects reflecting radio waves (signs of navigation barriers, ships, coastline, etc. ).

3. In accordance with the IMO decision, only globally applicable AIS can become a tool for collision avoidance and vessel monitoring. This means that only AIS equipment whose parameters are strictly regulated on an international basis is subject to implementation on ships. In this case, the compatibility of the equipment installed on different ships and high efficiency of its use will be ensured.

PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTING AIS IN THE WORLD

The completion of the development of all international regulatory documents providing for the introduction of AIS in the maritime fleet is expected to be completed at the end of 2000. However, already at the present time in a number of countries (Sweden, Finland, Germany, South Africa, Norway, Denmark. USA, Great Britain, Australia) equipping their coasts with the necessary ground equipment to create such systems and equipping ships with transponders has begun.

In Sweden, the Maritime Administration has created a unified navigation control system based on the existing VTS and created AIS, which will be combined into a single network.
When fully operational, this system will allow monitoring and regulating the movement of ships along the coast of Sweden, as well as in inland lakes.
The Swedish authorities plan to equip all their ships, planes and helicopters with AIS equipment by 2000, and ships and helicopters participating in search and rescue operations will be equipped with such equipment in 1999.
A total of 35 AIS stations are expected to be installed on the Swedish coast for servicing ships and low-flying aircraft and helicopters. More than 50 Swedish ships, especially ferries, already have AIS transponders.

Seven AIS coastal stations are in trial operation in Finland. Until 2000, the Finnish government plans to commission 17 stations and create on their basis an AIS network, covering all waters of the contiguous zone of Finland. This project involves the Maritime Administration (coordinating body), the Coast Guard and shipowners.

The Ministry of Transport of the Federal Republic of Germany is also creating a unified network of control and regulation of navigation based on existing and created VTS using AIS, which was first introduced in the VTS of the Kiel Canal, as well as for monitoring ferries on the Rostock-Treleborg (Sweden) line within the framework of the German-Swedish project " Baphegis ".

Coastal waters of South Africa, USA, Canada, UK and Australia are also covered by AIS. The introduction of AIS as a whole does not require large financial costs.
The cost of ship transponders for bulk deliveries will be USD 2-3 thousand, and the cost of ground equipment located at VHF stations of the GMDSS A1 zone or at the VTS will not exceed USD 10-15 thousand.
In accordance with the provisions of the new Chapter 5 of the SOLAS Convention, national Administrations will be able to oblige the installation of such transponders on smaller ships to monitor them when sailing near the coast.

Considering that one of the functions of AIS will be to ensure safe divergence, transponders will need to be equipped not only with transport vessels, but also all other fishing vessels, naval and border ships sailing at sea.

The 45th Session of the IMO Subcommittee on the Safety of Maritime Safety (BSPC) held in September 1999 reviewed papers submitted by various Administrations on the future application of AIS.

These documents note that for the effective use of AIS, it is necessary to have a small (text only) display for displaying the received minimum necessary information and a control panel (keyboard) for typing information intended for transmission.
These devices must be independent of other navigation devices. Since radar, ARPA and ECDIS indicators are supposed to be used to display AIS information, a corresponding refinement of this equipment is required to ensure the ability to work with AIS and amend the standards for these devices.

The availability of AIS information to all consumers causes concern, as this information can be used for unseemly purposes, in particular - to pirates. As a solution to this problem, it is proposed to consider the possibility of enabling AIS by the captain of the vessel in those areas where it is necessary.

The Subcommittee noted that the lack of experience in the use of AIS on ships could lead to undesirable consequences, in particular, when solving collision avoidance tasks.

To resolve these issues, the Subcommittee sent a proposal to MSC 72 to include in the agenda of the 46th BSPC Session of the development of guidelines for the application of AIS and revision of standards for radar, ARPA and ECDIS.

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TIME OF MANDATORY EQUIPMENT OF AIS VESSELS

In accordance with the latest revision of the draft SOLAS Chapter V, agreed by the Subcommittee on the Safety of Navigation NAV-45 in September 1999, the draft Regulation 19 includes an additional paragraph 1.5, defining the requirements for the installation time of AIS depending on the types of ships.

1.5 Automatic identification systems (AIS)

1 All ships from 300 reg.t. and more, making international voyages, cargo ships from 500 registered tons, not making international voyages, and passenger ships, regardless of their size, must be equipped with AIS in the following terms:

1.2.2. ships, except for passenger and tankers, 50,000 reg.t. and more - no later than (July 1, 2004);

1.2.3. ships, except for passenger and tankers, from 10,000 reg.t. and more, but less than 50,000 reg.t. - no later than (July 1, 2005);

1.2.4. ships, except for passenger and tankers, from 3000 reg.t. and more, but less than 10,000 reg.t., - not later than (July 1, 2006);

1.2.5. ships, except for passenger and tankers, from 300 reg.t. and more, but less than 3000 reg. so, - no later than (July 1, 2007); and

1.3 ships not on international voyages built before (July 1, 2002) - no later than (July 1, 2008).

2 The Administration may exempt from the fulfillment of the specified requirements those ships that will be taken out of service within two years after the specified dates.

IMO RESOLUTION MSC.74 (69). ANNEX 3 PERFORMANCE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC SIGNAL IDENTIFICATION (AIS)

IMO RESOLUTION MSC.74 (69)

1.Purpose

1.1 This standard defines the operational requirements for general purpose AIS.

1.2 AIS should ensure an increase in the level of safety of navigation through effective navigation, environmental protection, efficient use of Vessel Traffic Management Systems (VTS) through the fulfillment of the following functional requirements:

in the ship-to-ship mode - to prevent collisions;

as a means for coastal services to obtain information about the vessel and its cargo:

as a VTS instrument - in the “ship-to-shore” mode (vessel traffic control).

1.3 AIS should provide ships and competent authorities with information from ships automatically, and with the required accuracy and frequency of updates, to ensure accurate tracking of ships. Data transmission should be carried out with a minimum involvement of the ship's personnel and a high level of reliability.

1.4. Equipment, in addition to the requirements of the Radio Regulations, ITU-R Recommendations and the general requirements set out in IMO Resolution A.694 (17), shall comply with the following operational requirements

2.Main operating modes

2.1 AIS should provide operation in the following modes:

1. "autonomous and continuous" - to work in all areas. This mode should be able to be switched by the competent authority from / to one of the following modes;

2. "designated" ("prescribed") - for work in areas where the competent authority has established control over the movement of vessels in such a way that the data transmission interval and / or the time position of the slots can be set remotely by this authority.

3. “on demand” or controlled mode - data is transmitted in response to a request from a vessel or from a competent authority.

3. Basic functional requirements

3.1 The AIS should include:

a communication processor capable of managing a set of marine frequencies with:

1.An appropriate method for selecting and switching channels, providing application for both short-range and long-range radio communications.

2. a means of processing data from an electronic positioning system, providing a resolution not worse than one ten-thousandth of an arc minute and using the WGS-84 geodetic coordinate system.

3. means of automatic data input from other sensors listed in clause 6.2;

4. a means of entering and restoring data manually;

5. a means of monitoring the reliability of transmitted and received data;

6. Built-in health monitoring device.

3.2 AIS should provide:

1.automatic and continuous provision of information to the competent authorities and other courts, without the participation of shipboard personnel;

2. receiving and processing information from other sources, including information from the competent authorities and other courts;

3. response with minimum delay to signals related to high priority and safety;

4. providing position and maneuvering information with a frequency of update sufficient to ensure accurate tracking of the vessel by the competent authority and other vessels.

4. User interface

To provide access, selection and display of information on a separate device, the AIS must have an interface that meets international maritime standards for interfaces.

5. Identification (identification)

For ship identification and reporting purposes, the appropriate Maritime Mobile Service Identification Number (MMSI) should be used.

6. Information

The information provided by the AIS should include:

6.1 Static:

IMO number (if any)

Call sign and name;

Length and breadth of the vessel;

Type of vessel;

Positioning of the positioning system antenna on the vessel (in relation to the bow, stern, starboard, port side).

6.2 Dynamic:

The location of the vessel with an indication of the accuracy and integrity of the system;

Time (UTC) (date is set by the receiving equipment);

Course over ground;

Ground speed;

The course of the vessel;

Navigational status (ship state) (for example, not controlled, at anchor, etc. - entered manually);

Angular rate of turn (where applicable);

Optional - Roll angle (if possible);

Optional - pitch and roll angle (if applicable).

6.3 Flight related information:

Draft of the vessel;

Dangerous cargo (type);

Port of destination and ETA (at the discretion of the captain);

Optional - crossing plan (waypoints).

6.4 Short messages regarding safety.

6.5 Frequency of information update for offline mode

Different update rates (interval) are used for different types of information valid at different times

Static - every 6 minutes and on demand;

Dynamic - depending on the speed and course change according to Table 1;

Flight related information - every 6 minutes, upon data change and upon request;

Security communication - when required.

Table 1

Ship condition	Interval between messages
Ship at anchor	3 minutes
Speed 0-14 knots	12 seconds
0-14 knots speed and changing course	4 seconds
Speed 14-23 knots	6 seconds
Speed 14-23 knots and changing course	2 seconds
Speed over 23 knots	3 seconds
Speed over 23 knots and changing course	2 seconds

Ship reporting volume - AIS must process at least 2000 messages per minute to adequately accommodate all operational options.

6.6 Security (protection)

A security mechanism should be provided to detect system failure and prevent unauthorized changes to entered or transmitted data. To prevent unauthorized dissemination of data, the requirements of IMO Resolution MSC / 43 (64) (Guidelines and Criteria for Ship Reporting Systems) should be followed.

7. Time to put into working condition

The system must be ready for operation within 2 minutes after switching on.

8. Power supply

The AIS and associated sensors must be powered by the ship's main power source. Additionally, it must be possible to power the AIS and associated sensors from an alternative source of electricity.

9. Specifications.

AIS specifications such as variable transmitter output power, operating frequencies (international and regional), modulation and antenna system must comply with ITU-R Recommendations (M.1371, M.1024).

abstract

ON THE TOPIC: Automated information system. The principle of work on the example of a specific system.

Completed student of group EU-091-1

Buimov S.V.

Checked Art. Rev. Schmidt T.S.

Novokuznetsk 2012

Introduction. 3

1. Automated information system. 4

2. The principle of operation of an automated information system on the example of 1C: Enterprise. eighteen

Conclusion. 26

List of sources used. 27

Introduction

The rapid development of computer technology has led to the fact that information systems based on the use of information and computing technology and communication means, which are the main technical means of storing, processing and transmitting information, have become increasingly widespread. Such information systems are called automated. They are based on the use of special means and methods for transforming information, i.e. automated information technology.

An automated information system (AIS) is a collection of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, technological tools and a staff of specialists, designed to process information and make management decisions. The creation of AIS contributes to the increase in the efficiency of the production of an economic object and ensures the quality of management. The greatest efficiency of AIS is achieved when optimizing the work plans of enterprises, firms and industries, rapid development of operational decisions, clear maneuvering of material and financial resources, etc. Therefore, the management process under the conditions of the functioning of automated information systems is based on economic and organizational models that more or less adequately reflect the characteristic structural and dynamic properties of the object.

Of course, a complete repetition of the object in the model cannot be, however, details that are insignificant for the analysis and making management decisions can be neglected. Models have their own classification, subdivided into probabilistic and deterministic, functional and structural. These features of the model give rise to a variety of types of information systems.

Automated information system

Automated information systems are a collection of various means designed to collect, prepare, store, process and provide information that meets the information needs of users. AIS combines the following components:

1) linguistic means and rules used for the selection, presentation and storage of information, for displaying a picture of the real world in a data model, for presenting the necessary information to the user;

2) information fund of the system;

3) ways and methods of organizing information processing processes;

4) a set of software tools that implement information transformation algorithms;

5) a set of technical means operating in the system;

6) personnel serving the system.

The main goals of automation of the enterprise are:

1. Collection, processing, storage and presentation of data on the activities of the organization and the external environment in a form convenient for financial and any other analysis and use in making management decisions.

2. Automation of the execution of business operations (technological operations) that make up the target activities of the enterprise.

3. Automation of processes that ensure the implementation of the main activity.

Professional activity automation systems. Their classification and use in management. Principles and methods of designing AIS in economics. Place of information and computational tasks in the software of computers.

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