Internet resource addressing. The main resources of the Internet What is working with Internet resources
A person who has gained access to the Internet finds himself in a world of practically unlimited information resources. It should be borne in mind that some resources may be paid. Below is a very brief overview of the main network resources.
1) Email.
Electronic mail, or e-mail (from electronic mail - electronic mail), is one of the ways of communication between people. It combines all the virtues of mail, teleprinter, telegraph and fax. Moreover, sending by e-mail is cheaper than the services of each of the considered means of communication.
Example email address: [email protected]
In the example under consideration, sas is the subscriber's identifier, usually composed of the initial letters of his last name, first name, and patronymic. The one to the right of the @ sign is called a domain and uniquely describes the location of the subscriber [email protected]- a required character in the e-mail address.
2) World Wide Web.
Probably the most interesting, convenient and effective resource, which is currently very popular, is the World Wide Web (World Wide Web) hypertext network information system. The World Wide Web, which for short is called the Web or WWW, is a hypertext (more precisely, hypermedia) information system containing linked documents that can be created in various software environments and located in any of the computers on the Internet.
Hypertext can be considered as text containing links that are associated with the definition, explanation, additions of individual words, phrases, images included in the text under consideration. The most important property of hypertext is automatic access to information associated with the link specified by the user. The search for this information and its display on the screen is carried out using special programs for working with hypertext.
3) Resource address.
From the point of view of the operating system, each web page is a file located on one of the disk devices of the computer playing the role of a web server. Therefore, in order to access a web page, you need to point in one way or another to the file that stores this page.
http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/fag/www_fag.html
http - protocol
sunsite.unc.edu - computer domain address
boutell / fag / www_fag.html - file
4) Electronic bulletin boards.
On electronic bulletin boards (in the literature, the abbreviation BBS for Bulletin Board System is often used) announcements are posted that are sent by users to everyone who reads them. Electronic boards are analogous to regular bulletin boards, which are posted in public, frequently visited places. You can also draw an analogy with advertisements in newspapers and magazines.
5) Teleconferences.
Business meetings, scientific conferences are held on the basis of e-mail programs, electronic bulletin boards and other special packages, in which several people can participate in their workplaces in different cities or countries.
6) File transfer.
Messages sent over the network can only contain ASCII codes. However, by attaching any file to the message, it can also be sent over the network, but only in offline (offline) mode. There is another way on the Internet to transfer arbitrary files between computers. This method is based on the FTP (File transfer Protocol), which involves transferring files in the so-called online, or online mode. This means that for the duration of the file transfer, the sending and receiving computers must be in direct contact with each other (like people talking to each other on the phone).
7) Remote access.
The FTP protocol is quite powerful, but at the same time a limited means of accessing the resources of "foreign" computers on the network. It provides only copying, that is, transferring copies of files from one computer on the network to another. Full access to the resources of computers on the Internet is provided by the telnet protocol (TErminaL over NETwork protocol). Using this protocol, a user can connect to a computer on the opposite side of the globe and work with it as if it were a personal computer.
8) Search for servers.
As noted above, in order to use ftp or telnet protocols, you need to know the domain address of the corresponding server. If such an address is unknown, then access to the required resource can be significantly hampered. To make it easier to find the right servers on the Internet, a menu-based system for accessing Internet servers has been developed. This system is called GOPHER. The term comes either from the word gopher - a gopher (Minnesota, the birthplace of this system, is considered the state of "golden gophers"), or from the slang term go fer - a prowling man.
9) Databases on the Internet.
A large number of databases are connected to the Internet, containing a huge amount of information on a variety of issues: from information on specific sciences - biology, mathematics, physics - to a collection of anecdotes and fables. As a rule, they are part of the WAIS (Wide Area Information System). A computer that has special software and provides users with access to the databases of this system is called a wais server.
WAIS connects wais servers around the world with access to over 1000 public and commercial databases. To access WAIS, you need to know the home address of a particular wais server.
63. WWW-informational web: the system of names in the Internet, domain name and IP-address.
WWW (World Wide Web) uses the Internet to transfer hypertext documents - documents containing text, multimedia information, and links to other documents - from the server where these documents are located to the user's computer. This is the most widespread and popular service.
WWW has two features:
1. using hypertext;
2. the ability of clients to interact with other Internet applications.
3. Browsers are used to work with WWW on client computers. The task of the browser is to show the user the specified document. The browser program can do the following:
4. view documents located on remote server computers by accessing them via the Internet;
5. view both text and hypertext documents;
6. Allow the user to follow links to other documents, creating a phenomenon of prolonged "fermentation" on the WWW resources.
Hypertext documents are written using a special HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language) language. Images and other non-textual components are not directly inserted into the document and are stored separately. Instead, a link is inserted into the text indicating the name of the file containing the required component.
Several documents, united on one server by some common topic, are called home page (home page).
The larger resource is called a site. The site can combine several servers; on the other hand, one powerful server can host multiple sites.
To access a document, you must specify its address, which is called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) - this is a character string designating a document or resource requested by a user of the World Wide Web. To access the required resource or document, just enter its URL in the browser input field. The URL format is standardized so it is recognized by all viewers. The structure of the URL is as follows:
<Тип ресурса или протокол>:// <Имя в Internet>/<Путь доступа>,
where<Тип ресурса или протокол>defines the method of accessing the resource.<Имя в Internet>is the network name of the computer on which the searched data is located.<Путь доступа>- the path to the required file with the indication of directories (folders) and the file name.
Example URL: http://citforum.ru/seminars/cis99.html.
http: // - instructing the browser to use the HTTP network protocol designed for working with WWW;
citforum.ru - domain name of the computer on the Internet (WWW server), which contains the required document;
/seminars/cis99.html - path to the searched file.
When the browser accesses the specified URL, the destination computer must meet the following requirements:
· Be in working order;
· Have a running program waiting for this call.
The system of names (addresses) in the Internet
Every computer on the Internet must have its own unique address so that any other computer on the network can communicate with it. The individual address of each computer on the Internet has a name - an IP address. IP addresses have two forms of notation:
· Digital (numeric) address;
· Domain address.
Both addresses can be used equally.
The digital address is 32 bits long; for convenience, it is divided into four blocks of 8 bits each, which can be written in decimal notation. A digital address has three components:
· Network address;
· Subnet address;
· The address of the computer in the subnet.
For example, an IP address might look like: 142.25.6.170, where:
142.25 - network address; 6 - subnet address; 170 - computer address.
The digital address contains complete information required to identify the computer.
The digital form of the address is used by computers and special network equipment; for users, the digital address is inconvenient, poorly remembered and carries little semantic information.
Due to the inconvenience of using digital addressing, the domain name system of computers represented on the Internet was invented.
A domain name consists of several words or abbreviations separated by periods, for example: irgups.ru. A domain name carries useful information about the location of a computer. The number of characters in a domain name is limited to 63.
The domain name has a hierarchical multi-level structure:
Ø The far right part of the name indicates the top-level domain, that is, the largest group of computers in which this computer is located. In this example, it is ru - short for Russia; this domain unites computers connected to the Internet in Russia;
within top-level domains there are subdomains - domains of the second and more levels;
the far left of a domain name indicates the name of a computer within its subdomain.
Domains of the first (top) level are three-letter and two-letter. Three-letter: com, edu, gov, org, etc. Two-letter top-level domains indicate its country of location: ru, ua, jp, etc.
The translation of a domain name into a numeric IP address is handled by a special Internet service called DNS (Domain Name System). The computers that perform this translation are called DNS servers.
Internet resources.
http://www.n-shkola.ru/ | Primary School Magazine.The journal "Primary School" is a unique methodological manual, universal in nature: it publishes materials on all subjects and courses for each grade of elementary school, official documents of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation |
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One collection of digital educational resources |
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http://www.uchportal.ru/ | Everything for the primary school teacher at"Teacher's portal": lessons, presentations, control, tests, planning, programs |
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| One collection of digital educational resources... An excellent selection for grades 1-11. Especially a lot of interesting things for themselves will be found by supporters of the educational program school 2100 |
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| Primary School ... Very colorful CRC in various primary school subjects. |
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| Open class ... All resources are categorized by subject area. |
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| Cool magazine.Site for students in the preparation of writing reports and messages around the world. |
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| Head teacher info. The project includes a variety of materials in all subjects. |
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| Mat-Reshka offers the student an individual learning path that takes into account the interests of the child, his strengths and weaknesses. The simulator will be useful for both strong students and children with special educational needs. |
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| Sun. Teachers will be interested in materials on the preparation of subject and thematic holidays, as well as on the organization of extracurricular activities. |
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Materials of the newspaper "Primary School" of the publishing house "September First" |
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Wiki. Children's e-books and presentations. Here you can find the addresses of sites with presentations for lessons |
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Beginner. The photo gallery contains illustrations for lessons for primary school, in the cinema there is a collection of educational cartoons and slideshows, the library contains more than 500 links to developing lessons for primary school, articles, useful sites |
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Alphabet in pictures and verses for 1st grade students. |
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"Country of Masters"Site subject: applied art, craftsmanship in all its forms and the environment. Materials for technology lessons. |
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Here you will find all kinds of materials and resources related to the use of ICT in the educational process. Primary School Teachers Community - ICT in Primary School |
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Tutorials on the basic school subjects. |
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EOR for students of primary general education provides the conditions for the implementation of the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of the LEO, aimed at solving communicative and cognitive tasks, mastering the logical actions of comparison, analysis, synthesis, generalization, classification, methods of studying nature and society, and the formation of general educational competencies. |
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| This is a simple multiplication table program for learning multiplication tables. |
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The site contains a set of educational resources in the form of presentations for mathematics lessons in the 1st grade of the Educational system "School 2100" (textbooks "My Mathematics" authors TE Demidova, SA Kozlova, AP Tonkikh). |
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Presentations, simulators for all subject areas of primary school. |
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http://www.metodkabinet.eu/ |
The whole process of creating a website can be broken down into four stages:
Creation of technical specifications for the development of the site, preparation of the idea and structure of the site.
Creation of the design of the future site in relation to the chosen structure.
Adaptation and customization technical part (ImageCMS).
Adaptation general view of the site, displaying information sections and technical modules.
Customization the administrative part for convenient information management of a specific site, the creation of all the necessary information sections, as well as technical modules.
Preparation of materials and site content.
Preparation of materials is a selection of materials that will be posted on the site, an analysis of existing ones and adaptation for correct display on the Internet.
Website content - these are all the main texts, as well as images of the site. In order to ensure the maximum efficiency of the site, information materials should contain all the basic answers to possible questions from users.
336 Typical design of an economic information system (eis). Basic concepts and classification of typical design methods.
Typical design is carried out on the basis of the experience gained in the development of individual projects. Typical projects as a generalization of experience for some groups of organizational and economic systems or types of work in each case are associated with many specific features and differ in the degree of coverage of management functions, the work performed and the project documentation being developed.
Typical EIS design methods assume creation of a system from ready-made purchased standard elements (standard design solutions). For this, the designed EIS must be decomposed into many constituent components (subsystems, task complexes, software modules, etc.), for which standard design solutions available on the market are selected and purchased. Further, the purchased standard elements, as a rule, include software products, are adjusted to the specifics of a particular enterprise or are finalized in accordance with the requirements of the problem area.
By a typical design solution we mean a design solution presented in the form of design documentation, including software modules, suitable for repeated use. Typical designs are also called replicable products.
Depending on the level of decomposition of the system, elemental, subsystem and object methods of typical design are distinguished.
In the elemental method of EIS typical design, a typical solution for a task or for a separate type of task support (information, software, technical, mathematical, organizational) is used as a typical element of the system. Advantage - the application of a modular approach to the design and documentation of EIS. Disadvantages - a large amount of time spent on pairing dissimilar elements, poor adaptability of elements to the specifics of the enterprise.
When using the subsystem method, individual subsystems act as typing elements, which provide functional completeness, minimization of external information links, parametric customizability, alternative schemes within the values of input parameters. At the same time, a higher degree of integration of typical EIS elements is achieved.
With the object method, a typical project is used as a typical element for management objects of a certain industry, which includes a full set of functional and supporting subsystems of the EIS. The undoubted advantage of the object method lies in the complexity of all components due to the methodological unity and information, software and technical compatibility of the components.
The first site of its kind appeared in 1990, it contained information about the World Wide Web (WWW) technology, the HTTP protocol and their features. Later on this site appeared links to other similar Internet resources, so the first site became the very first Internet directory. The founding father of HTTP, WWW and the creator of what the modern Internet is impossible without was Tim Berners-Lee, an American programmer.In the modern sense, an Internet resource is a collection of electronic documents or files united by one IP address or domain. All Internet sites (or Internet resources, which is equivalent) are located on servers remote from each other, the association of which is called the World Wide Web. It is she who brings together various pieces of information from the network into a single whole.
Varieties of Internet resources
All of them are divided according to several criteria. Firstly, by the availability of their services. The bottom line is that the resources of a site can be either open and freely available (registration may be required, but not always), or closed. In the latter case, an invite (one-time invitation) or an access fee may be required.The second criterion by which sites on the network are divided is its location. It can be accessed from the Internet, when absolutely any user can access this resource, or in a local network. In this case, the site's availability is limited to a specific range of IP addresses.
The most difficult criterion by which Internet sites are divided is the scheme of dividing the provision of information to the user. There are so-called Internet portals with a complex hierarchy, consisting of many pages and containing a lot of data. The portal can consist of many interdependent sites, united by a single topic, etc. There are also information resources, most often they are devoted to a specific topic.
Internet representations and web services deserve special attention. The purpose of the former is to provide information to users about a business, company, project, etc. Web services are designed to perform specific tasks within the current technical development of the Internet (hosting, search, message boards, mail services, forums, etc.)
An element of the Internet, such as a web page, mail server, or search engine. [GOST R 52872 2007] Topics information technology in general EN internet resource ... Technical translator's guide
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Cm … Synonym dictionary
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Books
- Macmillan Exam Skills for Russia. Tests for preparing for the exam in English with an Internet resource,. This is the only book for preparing for the USE today, which consists of 15 full tests in the new USE format (including the Oral part), an online trainer for the Oral part and an Internet resource ...
- Macmillan Exam Skills for Russia. Level A2. A study guide for preparing for the GIA in English with an Internet resource. Grammar and vocabulary,. A textbook for preparing for the GIA in English: grammar and vocabulary. Level A2` will allow you to start preparing for the successful delivery of the OGE and USE in English already in the 6-7th grade. ...