The program for working with the database. Free software for the development and administration of databases. Database management systems with flat files
Database
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Almost every organization has its own database. But what is really there, even sites use them to make it easier and easier to work with information. Indeed, they allow you to make calculations without any problems, quickly find the necessary data, and in general, simply create order in any information.
Often, programmers are engaged in their creation, because this is a complex process that is taught in higher educational institutions. There are also many lessons, courses and sets of programs for creating software for developing databases, a really great variety, you can easily get confused. This article will discuss some of the basic programs for database development.
About SQL
SQL is a programming language used to create databases. If you install it on your computer and start creating a database, it will not be very convenient. This is due to the fact that SQL itself does not have any graphical shell, and queries to the database must be sent in general through command line... For this reason, various kinds of programs have appeared that simplify the development of databases. However, learning the basics of this language is still worth it. Suddenly you need to make a request, and the program does not work correctly.
Microsoft Access
This program for creating databases is exactly familiar to many. After all, it comes in a software package Microsoft Office... This program is one of the easiest to learn, because knowledge of the SQL programming language is practically not needed there. You can only designate which query to make, and the program will compose the SQL query itself.
About the relevance of the program. Until now, the databases of many organizations have been made with the help of Microsoft Access... Indeed, the program itself is very light, there is an intuitive interface. What's more, the basics of using Access are even taught in school and early college!
PhpMyAdmin
Access, of course, is a good program, but if you need a database for a website, it won't do it. Then PhpMyAdmin comes to the rescue. This is very useful program to create databases. Installation on a computer takes some time, and during installation it is easy to do something wrong and will not work. Therefore, when installing this program to create databases, you must strictly follow the instructions. But another plus of PhpMyAdmin is that it can be accessed via the Internet as a website! For example, you have a website that is powered by WordPress. He will have a database. And if you have a site on some good hosting, then, most likely, work with databases will be carried out through PhpMyAdmin, and it will be possible to access it through the hosting control panel.
Another program for creating databases. It is free, but there is also paid version with improved features. It is easy to create links with tables in this program, and indeed, it is just convenient to work with. Also a plus is that you can show the database in graphical form. Most people, when working with databases, prefer this particular program. In principle, PhpMyAdmin is not inferior in its capabilities, but nevertheless it is more intended for working with a database of sites.
This article has covered the basic programs for creating databases. In fact, there are a lot of them, so everyone chooses a tool for themselves, but if you are just getting started and want to study this area, then it is recommended to work with MySQL WorkBench. Once you learn the basics of SQL, it won't make a big difference for you where to work, because the queries are the same everywhere. It is also convenient that, having created a database in one program, you can open it through another software, which is also designed to work with the database. When creating software with a database, you cannot do without this knowledge. Moreover, having mastered SQL, you can even create your own software for developing and editing databases.
Introduction
Database (DB) - it is a named collection of data that reflects the state of objects and their relationships in the domain.
DBMS - this is computer program responsible for creating, editing, deleting and, as a rule, storing databases (DB) or collections of data records.
DBMS functions:
1.Defining structure the base being created data, its initialization and initial loading.
2. Providing users with the ability to manipulate data (fetching the necessary data, performing calculations, developing an input / output interface, visualization).
3. Ensuring the logical and physical independence of data.
4. Protection of the logical integrity of the database.
5. Protection of physical integrity.
6. Managing user permissions to access the database.
7. Synchronization of work of several users.
8. Management of resources of the storage environment.
9. Support for the activities of system personnel.
Chapter 1
1.1. Types of DBMS:
Relational
Relational DBMSs are the most common type of database management systems at the moment. They are really easy to use. Relational DBMSs have this name because they store ordered data in tables. The relational model is based on storing ordered data in columns and rows. Data can be linked within the same table or different tables. Types of relationalDBMS can be inferior in performance compared to other types of database management systems, but they do not have problems with computing power and memory search in modern PCs. Data in this type of DBMS is stored in a well-defined form and is usually managed using the SQL (Structured Query Language) programming language. You can also specify the most popular types of DBMS - Oracle, MSSqlServer, IBMDB2, PostgreSQL and many others.
Database management systems with flat files
Flat file DBMSs are arguably the simplest of all. They are also sometimes called the flat model. The idea is to run a lonely application that contains the program settings and the original storage model format. Flat files in formatted rows and columns assume that each item in specific model contains the same information. One well-known example of this type of DBMS is CSV (Comma Separated Values) and another is spreadsheets like MS Excel.
Hierarchical
Hierarchical DBMSs are based on the use of a family tree model. Here, the elements usually have a one-to-many relationship and it is good to store information with the description of the elements, characteristics, etc. Here you can store a book with chapters and verses. Hierarchical typesDBMS can be used to store databases of songs, recipes, phone models and anything else that can be stored in a nested format. Hierarchical types of database management systems can be inferior in efficiency when working with various real objects. One example of hierarchical DBMS types is XML document.
Network
Networked systems database management uses a data model similar to a hierarchical one. The main difference is that the structure of a network DBMS allows for many parents for many descendants. Network types of DBMS are based on records and sets, and use SQL for their work. Web-based database management systems tend to be very flexible, but they became rarely used after 1960-1970. In search of the required element, the requesting program goes through all the installed elements, which can be too cumbersome. This type DB management systems have been practically replaced by relational ones.
Choosing a program for writing a database
In its term paper i used a relational database using Microsoft program Access.
Microsoft Access- one of the most popular DBMS for the operating room Microsoft systems Windows. In addition, Access is a powerful development platform with a flexible and functional IDE. Microsoft Access can be used as a tool for the development and deployment of broad-based information business systems.
Access uses the following basic field types:
text: created for text information and numbers when there is no need to perform mathematical operations with them;
numerical: intended for numbers when used in mathematical calculations;
MEMO: intended for storing arbitrary text or comments (up to 64,000 characters);
monetary: designed to store numbers representing monetary amounts;
date Time: designed to store information about date and time;
counter: a special numeric field designed to automatically add a unique number to the current record in the data table.
logical: designed to store only two values "True" and "False";
field OLE object : intended for storing objects created by other applications (pictures, graphs, diagrams).
There are several ways in Microsoft Access to select only the data you want when you search for a specific value, a single record, or a group of records.
Using the Search dialog box easily find specific records or certain values in the fields. As each occurrence of the required element is found, it traverses the records. If you need to replace specific values found during the search, you should use dialog box"Replacement".
Inquiries make it possible to work with a specific set of records that satisfy the conditions specified for one or more database tables. When a query is executed, it becomes possible to independently work with this set of records in a specific form or in an object in table mode.
Sorting makes it possible to arrange the rows in a table according to the contents of one or more columns. For sorting, select the field by which the sorting will be carried out, and click the button “Sort ascending” or “Sort descending” on the toolbar.
Filtration allows you to temporarily isolate and view a specific set of records that meet specific conditions. For filtering, you select the data by which you want to filter, and click the "Filter by selection" button on the toolbar. In order to correct the filter, use the "Change filter" button. To set a more detailed filtering condition in the "Record" menu, use the "Filter" command and the "Advanced filter" subcommand. To apply a regular or advanced filter, use the "Apply Filter" button on the toolbar.
Chapter 2
Formulation of the problem
The purpose of the Hotel database is to automate the process of accounting and analysis of hotel data.
Tasks solved when using the database:
Storage and retrieval of data about hotel employees;
Storage and retrieval of information about hotel clients;
Storing and searching information about rooms;
Storage of data on booking, check-in, check-out of clients and calculation of payment for accommodation
Calculation and analysis of information about the receipt of payment for accommodation from the company's clients;
Search for information on the main items: booked rooms, check-in for the period, check-out for the period.
Database creation
To create a MS Access database, the Table Designer was used, which allows you to define the required table structure.
To display complete information on the state of the hotel, directions of its activities and reporting on the work performed, the following tables have been created:
1. "Employees"
The table has the following fields: employee code(key field) - data type: counter; Full Name- data type: text, size - 50, optional, no matches allowed; Date of Birth–Data type: date \ time, optional; education–Data type: substitution wizard - a set of fixed data (higher, secondary); position–Master of substitutions (list of available positions); address- data type: text, size-50, optional; telephone- data type: numeric, optional field; salary- data type: monetary, field format - rubles, optional. The table in design mode looks like this:
2. "Positions"
This table has the following fields: position code- counter (key field); position- data type: text (set of basic positions).
3. "Rooms"
This table has the following fields: room code- data type counter (key field); category- data type: master of productions (single, double, junior suite, suite)
Fields: category code- data type: counter (key field), room- text; category- substitution wizard (numbers); number of seats- data type: numeric long integer, optional; number of rooms- similarly; Additional Information - data type: MEMO; cost per day- data type: monetary, format - rubles, optional.
5. "Room status"
Fields: room code- counter, key field; room- data type of substitution mater (similar field from the table "Room categories"); employee(maid) - substitution master (from a query on the "employees" table, with the selection condition "maid"), fields - booking, check-in, check-out- data type: date \ time, optional field; client - lookup wizard (from the Clients table).
6. "Clients"
Fields: Client code Full Name- data type: text, field size - 50, required; Date of Birth- data type: date \ time, required; floor- master of productions (husband, wives); type of document- master of productions (passport, high-quality, ID card), obligatory; series- text, required; room- numeric, required; issued by- text, field size - 50, required, date of issue- date \ time, mandatory.
Fields: child code- data type: counter (key field); Client code- data type: substitution wizard (similar field from the "clients" table); Full Name- data type: text, field size - 50; Date of Birth- data type: date \ time.
The data schema looks like:
The table Room Status and Employees are linked through a request for Employees, with the selection condition "maid".
For the convenience of work, requests have been created for the Hotel database.
Request # 1 - "Reservation"
The Criteria line contains the following condition:
> = [s] And<=[по]
Significant selection of fields for a specific period of time.
Queries 2 and 3 are similarly created.
Request # 2 - "Check-in to the rooms"
Request # 3 - "Check out of the rooms"
Request # 4 - “Clients with children”.
The query in design mode looks like this:
This request systematizes information about the presence of children for clients, which is necessary for certain discounts, benefits, etc.
Request # 5 - "Payment for accommodation".
The request contains an expression reflecting the calculation of the cost of living for each client.
Request # 6 - “Paid per month”.
The request contains an expression reflecting the calculation of the cost of living for each client:
Payment for accommodation: (State_number. Check-out-State_number.Check-in + 1) * Categories_of rooms. [Cost per day].
And also the selection of fields for the period.
Request # 7 - "Payment for the schedule".
Same as query 6, except for selecting a period for selecting fields. Based on the data from this query, charts for analysis and pivot tables are built.
Request # 8 - "Posts Request".
Request with the condition of selection by employees "maid". It is used to substitute data into the Number state table.
The creation of these requests greatly simplifies the reporting activities in the hotel, conveniently organizes the information, and allows you to quickly use it and make changes. The list of requests is presented below:
The reports are as follows:
Working with the database begins by opening the Hotel form:
On the left are buttons for opening reports, on the right for entering and viewing data on main items.
For example, the Information about numbers form looks like this:
Here you can see all the information about the hotel room, as well as the list of all rooms, in which I choose the position, we can immediately see all the information about the room. In the lower left corner there are buttons for the convenience of working with records. In the upper right, there is a button to open the Enter room category form.
Using the button Reservation Check-in Check-out, we will open the form:
In which there are three tabs:
Room Information - complete information about available rooms;
Dynamics of receipts - dynamics of receipts by number:
Payment summary - summary of payment per room:
The Hotel Staff button opens the following form:
Here you can view information about employees, as well as enter the required information.
By displaying reports, the tasks of finding information about the status of rooms are solved: booking, check-in, check-out, as well as displaying information about payment, displaying a receipt for a client.
Thus, this base solves the assigned tasks.
Conclusion
In the course of the course work, a database "Hotel" was created. This database is intended for employees as it simplifies the customer service process.
This database includes: tables, queries, forms and reports, as well as an autorun window for ease of use.
Literature:
1. Date, K., J. Introduction to database systems. 6th ed. - TO.; M., St. Petersburg: "Williams", 2000. - 848s.
2. Khomonenko A.D., Tsygankov V.M., Maltsev M.G. Databases: Textbook for higher educational institutions / Ed. prof. HELL. Khomonenko. - SPb .: KORONA print, 2002 .-- 672s.
3. V.V. Korneev, A.F. Gareev, S.V. V. V. Vasyutin Reich Databases. Intelligent information processing. - M .: Knowledge, 2001.- 496s.
4. Pragh K., Irwin M., “Access User Bible for Windows 2000”, K.: Dialectics, 2001 - 576s ..
5. Garnaev A.S, "VBA Self-Study Guide", St. Petersburg, 1999. - 104p.
6. Microsoft Access 2010. Application development on a real example - G. Hurwitz - 496s.
7. Designing databases. Microsoft Access DBMS. Study guide - N.N. Grinchenko, E.V. Gusev, N.P. Makarov - 240p.
8. Access 2007. Effective use - V. E. Koshelev - 590s.
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